ABSTRACT
Background: Chrysophyllum albidum is widely used by African people for the treatment of various types of diseases such as ear infection, sore throat, typhoid, cellulites, septicaemia, bactericemia, abscesses and tooth infections. Aim: The study was conducted to investigate the chemical components and antibacterial activity of the extract and fractions from the root bark of Chrysophyllum albidum from Nsukka, South-east Nigeria. Methodology: The fresh roots were collected, washed, cut into small pieces, air dried and pulverized to powder using mechanical grinder. Extraction and fractionation were done by cold maceration method and technique of liquid–liquid extraction respectively. The phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract and, n-hexane, butanol, aqueous and ethylacetate fractions of the plant part was carried out using standard method. The antibacterial activities were determined using cup-plate agar diffusion and agar dilution methods. Results: The phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, reducing sugar and cardiac glycosides. The inhibition zone diameter (IZD) produced by the agents against some selected Gram positive bacteria (GPB) and Gram negative bacteria (GNB) pathogens ranged from 6 – 25 mm and 6 – 12 mm respectively. The MIC and MBC values produced by the extract and fractions of the plant’s part against the GPB ranged from 1.25 – 40 mg/ml and 5 – 80 mg/ml respectively Many of the GNB were not sensitive to the agents tested except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella spp that exhibited mild to moderate sensitivity to the agents. Conclusion: These agents, therefore, exhibited a potent antibacterial activity against all the GPB and a few GNB pathogens tested due to their potent phytochemicals. The results of this work have corroborated the trado-medical use of root of Chrysophyllum albidum for treating ear infection, sore throat, typhoid, cellulites, septicaemia, bactericemia, boils and tooth infection/decay.
ABSTRACT
Background: Background: equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) has a high and variable occurrence in horses of different ages and activity levels. Objective: the aim of this study was to determine the presence and severity of ulcers in Brasileiro de Hipismo (BH) horses owned by the military police. Methods: a group of 80 horses (38 males and 42 females, aged between 3.3 and 29.2 years) performing different activities underwent clinical and gastroscopic evaluation. Descriptive statistics for the presence of ulcers and chi-square (X²) analysis with Fisher exact test were conducted to determine a possible association between EGUS and type of activity, sex or age. Results: occurrence of at least one ulcer was detected in 45% of the horses, and most of them (40%) were located in the squamous mucosa of the Margo plicatus. No significant association (p>0.05) was observed between any of the factors evaluated and the presence of EGUS. Conclusion: the BH horses owned by cavalry's military have low incidence of EGUS despite being subjected to stress, which confirms a multifactorial nature of gastric lesions in this subpopulation.
Antecedentes: Antecedentes: el Síndrome de Úlcera Gástrica Equina (EGUS) presenta una alta y variable ocurrencia en equinos de diferentes edades y tipo según la actividad que desarrollan. Objetivo: determinar la presencia e intensidad de las lesiones ulcerativas gástricas en caballos de la raza Brasilero de Hipismo (BH) al servicio de la policía militar. Métodos: un grupo de 80 equinos (38 machos y 42 hembras) con edades entre 3,3 y 29,2 años, en actividades de adaptación, entrenamiento, patrullaje e inactivos fueron evaluados por examen físico y gastroscópico. Se realizaron análisis por estadística descriptiva para porcentaje de ocurrencia de úlceras y análisis de Chi-cuadrado (X²) con test exacto de Fisher para verificar posible asociación entre EGUS, actividad, género y edad. Resultados: se determinó una ocurrencia de úlcera del 45%, siendo la mucosa escamosa (40%) la más comprometida en todo el Margo plicatus, sin embargo, no hubo asociación significativa (p>0,05) entre los factores evaluados y la presencia de EGUS. Conclusión: los caballos estudiados presentaron baja incidencia de EGUS a pesar de estar sometidos a situaciones de estrés, confirmando la naturaleza multifactorial de las lesiones gástricas en esta subpoblación de equinos.
Antecedentes: a Síndrome da Ulcera Gástrica Equina (EGUS) apresenta uma ocorrência alta e variável em equinos de diferentes faixas etárias e classes segundo a atividade que desenvolvem. Objetivo: determinar a presença e intensidade das lesões ulcerativas gástricas em cavalos da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo (BH) a serviço da polícia militar. Métodos: um grupo de 80 equinos (38 machos e 42 fêmeas), com idade entre os 3,3 e 29,2 anos, desenvolvendo atividades de adaptação, treinamento, patrulhamento e inativos foram avaliados por exame físico e gastroscópicos. Analise por estatística descritiva para taxas de ocorrências de ulceras e analise de Qui-quadrado (X²) com teste de exato Fisher foram realizados para verificar possível associação entre EGUS, atividade, sexo e idade. Resultados: foi determinada uma ocorrência de úlcera de 45%, sendo a mucosa escamosa (40%) mais comprometida ao longo do Margo plicatus. Entretanto, não houve associação significativa (p>0,05) entre os fatores avaliados e a presença de EGUS. Conclusão: os cavalos estudados da raça BH apresentaram incidência baixa da EGUS apesar de submetidos a situações de estresse, sinalizando para a natureza multifatorial das lesões gástricas nesta subpopulação de equinos.
ABSTRACT
Composite tumors containing pheochromocytoma and ganglioneuroma are rare tumors typically arising in the adrenal glands. Very few were reported outside of the adrenals. We present the case of a middle-aged woman with a retroperitoneal mass that was discovered when she complained of local signs of compression and systemic signs of catecholamine hypersecretion. On pathology the mass was composed of large polygonal and pleomorphic cells arranged in nests characteristic of pheochromocytoma that were mixed with clusters of mature ganglion cells and bundles of spindle cells characteristic of ganglioneuroma. The histological features were benign, but due to its invasion of the inferior vena cava and of the right renal artery, we had concerns about the malignant potential of the pheochromocytoma component, which is extremely rare in these composite tumors